In 1996, the Research Center of Psychological Education of Nanjing University launched a campaign to encourage university students to seek psychological advice whenever they came across psychological problems. More than two thousand students participated in the campaign with great enthusiasm by answering the questionnaire issued by the Center. Out of the two thousand students 209 were selected to receive psychological help and their problems were resolved.

Statistics indicate that 70-80% of the university students in China have more or less psychological problems which seriously disturb their normal university life. Consequently, many institutions of higher learning have organized different kinds of activities to relieve the students' psychological pressure or solve their psychological problems. Since 1995 the Mental Health Clinic at Nanjing University has seen a large number of students seeking psychological help. The students were able to get things off their minds, thus greatly benefiting from this kind of clinic.

However, a number of students regard psychological help as use-less. They think that psychological problems are inside people's minds and can not be dealt with by mere talking. As a result, some students develop mental diseases or even commit suicide. Today psychology has developed into an independent discipline which has played an important role in improving students' mental health and promoting the ethic and cultural progress among the institutions o higher learning.

How should we read? Should we read selectively or attentively? Everyone has his own view.

Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that the development of modern science and technology, more and ore books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the oaks. What's more, there are many bad books that poison the end, and we shouldn't read them. Since we can't read all the books, and we shouldn't read bad books, we must re; selectively.

But others may not agree. They emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If a man knows many things, he'll have mo chance to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but know nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must ha many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.

Who's right? I think both of them have something right. Bui think we should read extensively first. We should read books many fields, and read selectively in one field.

Its dynamism1 often has been accompanied by some pain and dislocation' from the consolidation'5 of the agricultural sector that pushed many farmers off the land to the massive restructuring of the manufacturing sector that saw the number of traditional factory jobs fall sharply in the 1980s. As Americans sec it1 . however, the pain also brings substantial gams. Kconomisl Joseph A. Schumpeler said capitalism reinvigoratcs" itself through "creative destruction." After restructuring, companies even industries may be smaller or different, but Americans believe they will be stronger and better equipped lo endure the rigors'" of global competition. Jobs may be lost, but they can be replaced by new ones m industries with greater potential. The dec me in jobs in traditional manufacturing industries, for instance, has been offset' by rapidly rising employment in high-technology industries such as computers and biotechnology and in rapidly expanding service industries such as health care and computer soil ware'.

Economic success breeds'" other issues, however, one of the most vexing"' concerns facing the American public today is growth. Economic growth has been central lo .America s success. As the economic pie has grown, new generations have had a chance lo carve a slice for themselves. Indeed, economic growth and the opportunities it brings have helped keep class Inction'" in the United Stales at a minimum.

Bui is there a limit to how much growth can and should be sustained. In many communities across America, citizen-;' groups find themselves resisting proposed land developments for fear their quality of life will deteriorate1'. Is growth worthwhile, they ask, if it brings overcrowded highways, air pollution, and overburdened schools? How much pollution is tolerable? How much open space must be sacrificed in the drive'1 to create new jobs? Similar concerns occur on the global level. How can nations deal with environmental challenges such as climate change, ozone depletion11 , deforestation, and marine pollution? Will countries be able to con¬strain1' coal-burning power plants and gasoline-powered automobiles enough to limit emissions'11 of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases1' that are believed to cause global warmingllS?

Because of the huge si/e of its economy, the United States necessarily will hi' a major actor in such matters. But its affluence1" also complicates its role. What right does the United States, which has achieved a high standard of living, have to demand that other countries join in efforts lo take actions that might constrain growth in order lo protect the environment?

Fliere are no easy answers. But to the extent thai"1' America and other nations meet their fundamental economic challenges, these questions will become increasingly important. They remind us that while a strong economy may he a prerequisite'1 lo social progress, it is not the ultimate1 goal.

The problem of pollution is also of great social concern. Continued population increase, accompanied by a rise in the level of living standards, not only threatens to exhaust American resources but pollutes the environment to such an extent that production in the thickly settled area is impossible without damaging the health of the local residents. '

Smog, once an urban annoyance, is now recognized as a health risk, and the automobile has been pinpointed as the principal culprit. 2 Heavy industries have been blamed for river, soil, air, noise and visual pollutions. DDT and other chemical remedies have been doing more ecological harm than the good that they may have brought along.3

As you in China are also facing the problem of pollution that we were facing a few decades ago and are still facing now, I'd like to carry on the discussion a little further. ' Several decades ago Americans dumped raw sewage into rivers and many industrial plants are now still dumping chemical pollutants into lakes, rivers and oceans. Oceans used to be and are still being considered to be a reserve of seafood. Today, after the oceans have become the home of all pollutants, this use of the oceans is being reduced at an alarming rate.

The worst pollution threat is concentrated in and near large cities. There the people made pollutants increasingly surpass the ability of air and water to dilute the contaminants to safe levels. ° The natural ecological cycle depends on plants, which absorb some pollutants and release oxygen to the air. But near large cities, natural vegetation becomes scarce, and introduced trees, ornamental shrubs and gardens are far from adequate in absorbing motor vehicle and industrial air pollutants. Finally, some pollutants, most notably atomic waste, may continue to contaminate air, land, and water for thousands of years. Therefore, eco-crisis—catastrophe or ecocide has been -for some time one of the major concerns of not only the eco-activists and environmentalists, but of many scientists of other fields and the government authorities of many countries as well.

Last but not the least, there is the question of whether the people will eventually be able to solve all these problems.6 The American continent is a wealthy land inhabited by many able and well-educated people. There today, people have originated a lifestyle which is known to the world as being characteristic of a society of consumption a life-style based on the prodigal use of material goods. ' They are using up many times their share of the earth's resources at a rate unparalleled in history. And I am sorry to say that this life-style of my fellow countrymen has been copied by the people of many developed countries, leading to the greatest problem of the modern world as a whole.

Business people write reports for at least two purposes. One is to provide information; the other is to analyze the collected data and to supply conclusions and recommendations if requested. Therefore, business reports can be divided into two broad categories: informational reports and analytical reports.

Reports like trip reports, situational reports, compliance reports, and investigative reports fall into the category of informational reports. They are written to present data without analyses or recommendations. For example, a trip report may describe an employee's visit to an overseas branch office, and a compliance report tells how the company complies with government regulations.

Analytical reports provide data, analyses, and conclusions on the issue that the writer has been asked to investigate. Such reports often provide recommendations for the readers to consider, but only on request. Feasibility reports, justification or recommendation reports, and yardstick reports belong to this category.

Analytical reports may put forward a plan, idea, or suggestion for the readers to think about or to change for the better. For instance, when you write a feasibility report, you analyze and discuss the information and data you have gathered either in favour of or against a project. You want to persuade your readers to approve the project or to reject it.

Throughout the history of mankind people have been asking, "Can. it really happen?" The question was asked when people first thought of going out on the oceans.

It was asked when Columbus set out on his journey, and as Marco Polo set sail. People thought the ships would drop off the edge of the world.

In the 1960s, when astronauts made plans to reach the Moon, many people believed it could never happen. But men did walk on the Moon, and they rode across the surface in Moon cars.

And what about space colonies'? Can they really happen? The answer is a strong yes. Space colonies can be built. Right now engineers have the knowledge needed to get started. "

Space colonization is in our future. It offers endless opportunities for people to expand. There are resource* in space endless energy, materials in the Moon and the asteroids, the advantages of weightlessness and a high vacuum1.

The opening of the space frontier will be exciting. It will challenge the entire world. Each nation will be working on some-thing outside its boundaries, and people from all corners of the world will be deeply involved in the most thrilling' adventure that mankind has ever attempted.

Nations with the most advanced knowledge electronics and the most industries will take the lead, but probably many countries will contribute scientists and engineers. Early space colonists will come from all over the world. Space colonies will bring people together for a great international effort. They may be a strong force for peace among all nations.

Life in a space colony should be very satisfying. People will have a high standard of living a pleasant home, plenty of food, unlimited energy, and challenging opportunities.

Many people from the Earth may prefer to live in space colonies, where the weather can be controlled, days can be made longer or shorter, and seasons can he adjusted to please the population. A person can be weightless, if desired, or live in a region where there is gravity, in surroundings more like those of the Earth itself.

Each colony will have its own managers and engineers—people responsible' for ihe operation of the colony. And each person will have a sense of responsibility, an essential part to play in the success of the colony.

The only certainty in the future is that radically new things will be happening. The only way to explore it is to use your imagination.

Now the new president of the Patriot car manufacturing company is recommending selling the Patriot cars to the many " newly licensed drivers" so as to "increase our share of the market. " He does not seem to understand these people well, however. Therefore, his recommendation does not seem reasonable, and measures he recommends may not help reach the company's target.

Our common sense is that "newly licensed drivers" are mostly young people who have just found their first jobs, or are university students. Earning small wages (or no wages at all) and yet thinking of a car, they will have to have whatever cars they can afford. For them, the car is something useful, helping them reach the work place faster and on time. It is not something to be looked at and proud of. If they have got this common sense, they won't mind if they are the "oldest models. " It is not that they like old models; it is that they have to put up with them for a number of years. From this it follows that, if the Patriot car manufacturing company really intend to sell cars to these people, it may not have to "discontinue" the oldest models and start producing new ones.

For the same reason I am strongly opposed to the idea that the company should " concentrate instead on manufacturing sporty cars," which are not only useful things, but also luxuries. It is true that young people love sports. And it is true that they love sporty cars. And some of them may have started dreaming of them in their wildest dreams. But it is too early for them to try to have one. For these new professionals and students, the best sport is the cheapest sport. For example, they can practice running every morning in public places. The wisest thing to do is to walk or run to their work places, which not only cost them nothing, but also save money.

With this understanding of the newly licensed drivers, I suggest that the Patriot car manufacturing company turn a deaf ear to the new president and consider doing the following;

Let's stop thinking of sporty cars for "newly licensed drivers. " Instead, let's continue the oldest models, with or without some innovation. Since they can be produced by the oldest machines, the company doesn't have to increase investment. Without increasing cost of production, the Patriot car manufacturing company can consider selling its cars at reasonable, competitive prices, which is the best way to win the newly licensed drivers, and therefore the wisest thing to do to "increase our share of the market. "

Prices speak louder than ads. By taking into consideration the economic status of those small-wages-earners, we shall be effectively improving "the success of our marketing campaigns. " In that way we don't have to switch our advertising to the Youth Advertising agency, which has successfully promoted the country's leading "soft drink," but we can't be sure at all if it can promote our hard, iron cars.

The National College English Test — Band Four has been held for ten years. It is carried out in accordance with the regulations set by the State Education Commission. The purpose of the examination is to measure the result of education, and based on this measurement, to promote its efficiency.

In Sept. 1987, more than 100,000 students took part in the exam, and more than 50,000 student passed the exam. In Jun. 1988, the number of testees was more than 260,000 and the number of passers was more than 90, 000. In Jun. 1990, the testee number reached 300, 000 whereas the passer number reached 120,000.

The graph shows the number of students who want to take the exam has been increasing and the number of the students who pass the exam also goes up. It is clear that the exam exerts a great deal of good influence on English teaching and learning.

In a virgin forest surrounded by a range of mountains, there is a marvelous diamond of scenic beauty — Jiuzhaigou.

It covers an area of 60,000 square hectares. Fresh springs, limpid lakes, plummeting waterfalls and high mountains interlace with one another, and present different landscapes in different seasons. In winter the fall of snow seems like a thousand flowers hanging in the branches of trees. The visitors who come here feel as if they were in a fairyland.

The beauty of the mountains lies in their virginity and natural wildness. Moreover, the precious animals, such as the giant panda, golden monkey, golden cat and deer often suddenly appear in the forest. Also flock upon flock of wild ducks, swans and mandarin ducks swim and play in the lakes. All this makes Jiuzhaigou a lovely picture.

Arm movements take up space and thus enlarge the size of the speaker. A speaker who uses big arm movements can intimidate the listener and appear more powerful. In most cultures men tend to use larger gestures than women do.

When a businessman from the United States wants to emphasize a point in a discussion, he may pound his fist on the table and underline his statements with staccato drumming of the table. Businesswomen in the United States in the same situation use far fewer arm and hand movements. However, compared with Japanese women, American women use very expressive arm movements.

Japanese men use far fewer arm movements than do both men and women from the United States. Personal space in Japan is limited, and big arm movements could invade someone's private space. In addition- big gestures draw attention to the speaker and single him out from the group, thereby threatening the harmony of the group. Someone from a more openly expressive culture may interpret the subdued arm and body movements of a Japanese person as submissive or timid. A non-Japanese negotiator may even think that the Japanese businessperson is not interested and does not care about the discussion. Yet by Japanese standards this person may be quite expressive. People who are used to expressive gestures often have difficulty recognizing and interpreting subdued gestures. They may be so busy talking with their arms that they don't hear the body language of the other person. The person from the subdued culture, however, may be overwhelmed by the gestures that he too has difficulty understanding. The gestures seem to scream at him.

Arab men use their arms even more than men from the United States do. Gestures and waving of the arms accompany almost every spoken word and seem to embrace a wide space. Arm movements can signal happiness but also anger (see the discussion under Anger in this chapter). The expansive gestures run parallel to the hyperbole in the spoken language. The exaggeration and repetition help establish credibility and seriousness. In the process of waving his arms, an Arab may touch the listener occasionally. For Arabs words do not seem to be sufficient to express thoughts. The nonverbal signals do not just accompany the spoken word; they are an integral part of the verbal message.